The Normative Implications of the Preference for Identified People (in Polish)

Article Sidebar

PDF (Polish) Full text (Polish)
Published: Mar 26, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.13153/diam.51.2017.1034
Keywords:
identified people, statistical people, uncertainty, risk, healthcare, Caspar Hare

Main Article Content

Tomasz Żuradzki
Jagiellonian University

Abstract

The results of empirical research show that people prefer to help identified individuals rather than unidentified ones. This preference has an important influence on many private and public decisions, for example concerning vaccination or the distribution of healthcare resources. The aim of this article is to define the terms: “identified”, “unidentified”, “statistical”, and then to analyze three philosophical arguments concerning the normative implications of this preference: 1) contractualism ex ante; 2) fair distribution of chances and risks; 3) principles regarding the concentration of good effects and the distribution of bad effects. I will demonstrate that these arguments, which are related to interesting philosophical problems, such as counterfactuals, are not convincing.

Article Details

How to Cite
“The Normative Implications of the Preference for Identified People (in Polish)”. 2017. Diametros, no. 51 (March): 113-36. https://doi.org/10.13153/diam.51.2017.1034.
Issue
No. 51 (2017)
Section
Equality in Healthcare

By submitting his/her work to the Editorial Board, the author accepts, upon having his/her text recommended for publication, that Diametros applies the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license to the works we publish. Under this license, authors agree to make articles legally available for reuse, without permission or fees. Anyone may read, download, copy, print, distribute or reuse these articles without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author, as long as the author and original source are properly cited. The author holds the copyright without any other restrictions. Full information about CC-BY: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode.

Author Biography

Tomasz Żuradzki, Jagiellonian University

Tomasz Żuradzki, PhD
Jagiellonian University
Institute of Philosophy
ul. Grodzka 52
Pl-31-044 Kraków

E-mail: t.zuradzki@uj.edu.pl

How to Cite

“The Normative Implications of the Preference for Identified People (in Polish)”. 2017. Diametros, no. 51 (March): 113-36. https://doi.org/10.13153/diam.51.2017.1034.
Share |
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

References

Brock, Wikler [2009] – D.W. Brock, D. Wikler, Ethical challenges in long-term funding for HIV/AIDS, “Health Affairs” (28/6) 2009, s. 1666-76.

Broome [1978] – J. Broome, Trying to value a life, “Journal of Public Economics” (9/1) 1978, s. 91-100.

Broome [2015] – J. Broome, Losowy wybór ludzi, [w:] Antologia bioetyki, t. IV Sprawiedliwość w medycynie, cz. 2 Dystrybucja zasobów w opiece zdrowotnej, W. Galewicz (red.), Universitas, Kraków 2015, s. 233-56.

Daniels [2012] – N. Daniels, Reasonable Disagreement about Identifed vs. Statistical Victims, “Hastings Center Report” (42/1) 2012, s. 35-45.

Ellsberg [1961] – D. Ellsberg, Risk, ambiguity, the Savage axioms, “The Quarterly Journal of Economics” (75/4) 1961, s. 643-69.

Fleurbaey, Voorhoeve [2013] – M. Fleurbaey, A. Voorhoeve, Decide As You Would with Full Information!, [w:] Inequalities in Health: Concepts, Measures, and Ethics, N. Eyal, S. Hurst, O.F. Norheim, D. Wikler (red.), Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013, s. 113-28.

Frick [2015a] – J. Frick, Treatment versus Prevention in the Fight against HIV/AIDS and the Problem of Identified versus Statistical Lives, [w:] Identified Versus Statistical Lives: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, I.G. Cohen, N. Daniels, N. Eyal (red.), Oxford University Press, Oxford 2015, s. 182-201.

Frick [2015b] – J. Frick, Contractualism and Social Risk, “Philosophy & Public Affairs” (43/3) 2015, s. 175-223.

Greene [2007] – J.D. Greene, The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul [w:] Moral Psychology. The Neuroscience of Morality: Emotion, Brain Disorders, and Development, W. Sinnott-Armstrong (red.), MIT Press, Cambridge (MA) 2007, s. 35-117.

Hájek [2007a] – A. Hájek, Most counterfactuals are false, http://philrsss.anu.edu.au/people-defaults/alanh/papers/MCF.pdf (15.12.2016).

Hájek [2007b] – A. Hájek, The reference class problem is your problem too, “Synthese” (156/3) 2007, s. 563-85.

Hare [2012] – C. Hare, Obligations to Merely Statistical People, „Journal of Philosophy” (109/5/6) 2012, s. 378–390.

Hare [2016] – C. Hare, Should We Wish Well to All?, “Philosophical Review” (125/4) 2016, s. 451-72.

Harsanyi [1977] – J.C. Harsanyi, Morality and the Theory of Rational Behavior, “Social Research” (44/4) 1977, s. 623-56.

Henning [2015] – T. Henning, From Choice to Chance? Saving People, Fairness, and Lotteries, “Philosophical Review” (124/2) 2015, s. 169-206.

Hope [2001] – T. Hope, Rationing and life-saving treatments: should identifiable patients have higher priority?, “Journal of Medical Ethics” (27/3) 2001, s. 179-85.

John [2014] – S. John, Risk, Contractualism, and Rose's 'Prevention Paradox', “Social Theory & Practice” (40/11) 2014, s. 28-50.

Jonsen [2015] – A.R. Jonsen, Bentham w szklanej gablocie: ocena technologii medycznych a alokacja środków na opiekę zdrowotną, [w:] Antologia bioetyki, t. IV Sprawiedliwość w medycynie, cz. 2 Dystrybucja zasobów w opiece zdrowotnej, W. Galewicz (red.), Universitas, Kraków 2015, s. 271-77.

Kamm [2001] – F.M. Kamm, Morality, Mortality, vol. II: Rights, Duties, and Status, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2001.

Kogut, Ritov [2005] – T. Kogut, I. Ritov, The “identified victim” effect: an identified group, or just a single individual?, “Journal of Behavioral Decision Making” (18/3) 2005, s. 157-67.

Kogut, Ritov [2015] – T. Kogut, I. Ritov, Target dependent ethics: discrepancies between ethical decisions toward specific and general targets, “Current Opinion in Psychology” (6) 2015, s. 145-49.

Lewis [1973] – D. Lewis, Counterfactuals, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA) 1973.

McKie, Richardson [2003] – J. McKie, J. Richardson, The Rule of Rescue, “Social Science & Medicine” (56/12) 2003, s. 2407-19.

Otsuka [2015] – M. Otsuka, Risking life and limb: How to discount harms by their improbability, [w:] Identified vs. Statistical Persons: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, I.G. Cohen, N. Daniels, N. Eyal (red.), Oxford University Press, Oxford 2015, s. 77-93.

Parfit [2012] – D. Parfit, Racje i osoby, tłum. W. Hensel, M. Warchała, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2012.

Rawls [2009] – J. Rawls, Teoria sprawiedliwości, tłum. M. Panufnik, J. Pasek, A. Romaniuk, S. Szymański, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2009.

Reibetanz [1998] – S. Reibetanz, Contractualism and Aggregation, “Ethics" (108/2) 1998, s. 296-311.

Ritov, Zamir [2014] – I. Ritov, E. Zamir, Affirmative action and other group tradeoff policies: Identifiability of those adversely affected, “Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes” (125/1) 2014, s. 50-60.

Scanlon [1998] – T.M. Scanlon, What we owe to each other, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA) 1998.

Schelling [1968] – T.C. Schelling, The life you save may be your own, [w:] Problems in Public Expenditure Analysis, S.B. Chase (red.), Brookings Institution, Washington 1968, s. 127-76.

Small [2015] – D.A. Small, On the Psychology of the Identifiable Victim Effect, [w:] Identified vs. Statistical Persons: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, I.G. Cohen, N. Daniels, N. Eyal (red.), Oxford University Press, Oxford 2015, s. 13-23.

Small, Loewenstein [2003] – D.A. Small, G. Loewenstein, Helping a Victim or Helping the Victim: Altruism and Identifiability, “Journal of Risk and Uncertainty” (26/1) 2003, s. 5-16.

Small, Loewenstein [2005] – D.A. Small, G. Loewenstein, The devil you know: The effects of identifiability on punishment, “Journal of Behavioral Decision Making” (18/5) 2005, s. 311-18.

Stalnaker [1984] – R. Stalnaker, Inquiry, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA) 1984.

Taurek [1977] – J.M. Taurek, Should the numbers count?, “Philosophy & Public Affairs” (6/4) 1977, s. 293-316.

Żuradzki [2015] – T. Żuradzki, The preference toward identified victims and rescue duties, "American Journal of Bioethics" (15/2) 2015, s. 25-27.

Żuradzki [2016a] – T. Żuradzki, Preferowanie osób zidentyfikowanych w alokacji zasobów medycznych, Interdyscyplinarne Centrum Etyki UJ, Kraków 2016.

Żuradzki [2016b] – T. Żuradzki, Szczepienia obowiązkowe a efekt ofiary zidentyfikowanej, „Filozofia w Praktyce” (2/4) 2016.